Phase I of China's healthcare system is characterized by which of the following?

Phase I of China's healthcare system is characterized by which of the following?

• A. Free markets, changes to healthcare financing, less insurance and more out-of-pocket payments, decrease in surveillance.
• B. Government-owned facilities, no private practices, increases life expectancy and decreases infant mortality.
• C. Five priorities of Phase III reform.
• D. It introduced universal health insurance by 2012.

Answer: (B)

Phase I was a centralized, state-led approach where health facilities were government-owned, private practice was largely absent, and care was financed through public funds and community networks. The emphasis was on public health and preventive services, with mass vaccination campaigns and sanitation efforts driving population health gains. This setup contributed to rising life expectancy and falling infant mortality during that period. The other descriptions fit later reform phases: market-oriented changes and more out-of-pocket payments appear in later transitions, Phase III priorities reflect a different stage, and universal health insurance by 2012 came after Phase I.

Phase I was a centralized, state-led approach where health facilities were government-owned, private practice was largely absent, and care was financed through public funds and community networks. The emphasis was on public health and preventive services, with mass vaccination campaigns and sanitation efforts driving population health gains. This setup contributed to rising life expectancy and falling infant mortality during that period.

The other descriptions fit later reform phases: market-oriented changes and more out-of-pocket payments appear in later transitions, Phase III priorities reflect a different stage, and universal health insurance by 2012 came after Phase I.